Does America Need a National ID Card System? :: Essays Papers

Does America Need a National ID Card System?Introduction The recent terrorist attacks made it very(prenominal) clear that we occupy to do something to help make our country true(p) and protect our residents from those who want to bring harm and ruin. Many want to refer a national ID card system, thinking that the ID card entrust lead us the security that we are looking for. But, is that really the solution? We desire to understand what is wrong with the current systems that are in place now. We ordain examine what is required to get this system up and running and what is multiform in making the system firm and safe. Lastly, in conclusion, we need to be clear on what direction we need to take to bring c recidivate a secure nation. Problems with Current Systems In Place The most disreputable incident displaying where our country is lacking in security was the terrorist attack of phratry 11. Robert OHarrow Jr. and Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post wrote, five of the 19 terrorists involved in the attacks on New York and at the Pentagon were able to obtain genial security system numbers, even with false identities. The other 14 probably made up or appropriated other numbers and used them for false identification, according to Social Security officials. At least seven of the hijackers also obtained Virginia state ID cards, which would table service as identification to board a plane, even though they lived in Maryland motels. 1.1 The concern citizens of our country have is illustrated in this comment by Kimberly Warhoe posted in a forum on National ID card game. The system in place now is in terrible shape. We sincerely need something more secure, something that can protect innocent people. Yes, we may lose some of our privacy, but we may gain a more secure nation. 1-2.1 This terrible act of terrorism made it very clear that we need a way to know if a person is who he says he is. We need a way to be able to verify and indistinguishability th ose applying for licenses and authenticating documents used to obtain licenses, as stated by William Welsh in Washington Technology. 2.1 Another important factor to consider is that any skillful system that is implemented will always have human interaction, these will be the people who interact with the data and the system.

Bullying Provoked by Differences in Gender, Sexuality, Religion, Race :: Social Issues, Bullies, homosexuals

In November of 2012, a 14 year old little girl committed suicide in Canada after receiving numerous threats from 2 of her classmates because of a f onlying surface in the girls family. This past year, a freshman at Rutgers University took his own life after a video revealing his dead on target sexuality was discovered and put onto a parking lotly known website for all the university to see. The well known Columbine Shootings shocked the world because the shooters were said to assume been picked on and bullied in naturalize. The effects of bullying, even in ones childhood, can haunt them forever Sometimes, a whisper in an dewy-eyed school classroom can echo for decades. A threat called knocked out(p) in a middle school hallway can amaze to the subconscious into adulthood. And an insecurity exploited in a high school cafeteria can redefine a future (Johnson 1). Its clearly open that bullying can take lives and torture the people whom loved the victims of much(prenominal) cr uelty. People, not just kids and teenagers, but people are bullied everyday crossways the world. The effects of bullying, or the practice of coercion by force or deterrence due to specific characteristic, are about as common as its practice in American public schools. Studies over the decades face bullied students are more likely to skip class, disengage socially and misdirect substances (Johnson 1). blustery can be provoked by a disparity in race, sexuality, or a conflict within a relationship such as a rumor. There are a contour of reasons as to why someone could and is being bullied, however those few have the appearance _or_ semblance to be the main source. In some cases, being bullied can be caused by the fact that a person is simply intimidated by how well you fulfill an aspects of life in which they wish to be equally successful, if not better than you. Whatever the reason may be, the forms in which to be bullied all share equal impacts and severity. Receiving physical harm, verbal abuse, or intimidation or humiliation through the internet are all forms of bullying. The infliction a victim sometimes receives is severe, resulting in high anxiety, stress, alimentation disorders, suicide, crazy retaliations When teens intimidate each other, they may attack with bats, knives, guns, or other weapons (Kowalski 1). Bullying can even result in eating disorders Many teens with eating disorders have suffered abuse. Unconsciously, they try to control one tiny portion of their lives-eating-when everything else seems out of control (Kowalski 2).

Empowering Women Rebuilding the Society

To awaken the people, it is the wo manpower who essential be awakened. Once she is on the move, The family moves, the village moves, the nation moves. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.Empowerment is multifaceted & group A multidimensional concept. It is the process by which the powerless gain ampleer keep in line over the circumstances of their lives. It includes control over resources (physical, human, intellectual, financial) and ideology (beliefs, values, and attitudes), decision reservation in home, community, guild and nation and to gain power to empower herself. It operator greater Self confidence and an inner transformation of ones consciousness that en equals one to overcome external barriers to accessing resources or changing tralatitious ideologies.And to a fault it does not mean to give them power to dominate others or use power to establish their superiority over others. Empowerment comes from inner(a), from the individuals themselves, it cannot be granted by others. An e ducated woman knows her responsibility towards their family and indian lodge more than a man. In reality women empowerment meant to empower herself not to overpower men. Usually empowerment for women involves opening up more opportunities, greater access to and control over resources and equal betrothal with men in decision-making.Our club can be viewed as a wall and men & women are analogous to brick and concrete respectively. Women participation in our society has significantly increased since last decades. Their participation is crucial and desirable similarly to build a peaceful society. There are innumerable hurdles in the women empowerment process. Besides all these beautiful data, the status of women is windlessness not that to which it is meant for. There are still a lot to do for their empowerment.The cases of child marriage, deteriorating maternity rate, anaemic pregnancies, eve teasing, molestation, harassment, rape, exploitation, trafficking, Domestic violence, h uman righteousness infringement, lax judiciary process to punish the perpetrators, trafficking, unawareness of basic rights etcetera are some of alarming issues that a modern woman confronts, when goes tabu of the home and so many more are such(prenominal) an enrolment of non-social impediments which are still prevailing in an alarming rate.Various steps sustain been retainn by the government to prevent such abuses and to empower women. iniquitous laws against sati, dowry, female infanticide and foeticide, eve teasing, rape, immoral trafficking and other offences relating to women stool been enacted in addition to civil laws like the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939, the Hindoo Marriage Act 1955 and other Matrimonial enactments. The Prevention of Domestic power Act has been passed in 2005. A National Commission for Women (NCW) has been set up.Other measures by the government include provision of reservation in representation and development, parceling for the welf are of women in the five year plans, provision of subsidized contribute facilities and so on. The year 2001 has been declared as the women empowerment year by the Government of India and 24th January as the National Girl Child Day. Women participation in all levels of governance is essential for their empowerment and for making the society more humane.Women in India now participate in all activities such as regime, sports, education, media, art and culture, service sectors, science and technology, etc. Indira Gandhi who served as fix minister of India for an aggregate period of 15 years is the worlds longest serving women prime minister and the influence of women in politics is at its apex in the present context strongly support by the incumbent president of India Pratibha Devi Singh Patil, incumbent Speaker of Lok-Sabha Mira Kumar, incumbent railroad track minister Mamta Banerji and leader of opposition Sushma Swaraj & Sonia Gandhi leader of the one policy-making party.Be sides these names of women holding major authorities in the politics, the other field are also have women ascendants like Indira Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo, Chanda Koochar CEO of ICICI bank, Shikha Sharma of axis bank and so on. The constitution of India guarantees to all Indian women equality (Article 14), no discrimination by the state (Article 15(1)), equality of opportunity (Article 16) and equal give birth for equal work (Article 39(d)).In addition it al number ones special provisions to be do by the state in favour of women and children (Article 15(3)), renounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women (Article 51(A)(e)) and also allows for the provisions to be made by the state for securing just and humane conditions of work and for maternity relief (Article 42). Man and woman being encomiastic physically, emotionally and morally and there is no scope for comparison.One has no innovation without the other. They are interdependent. Together their life is whole and meaningf ul. Each has their own duties, roles and responsibilities. The eighth of March is Womens Day. A day to celebrate women and all they have accomplished in their struggle for independence, equal rights and opportunities. It is also the day to learn appreciation to all the women dear to you.The 108th Constitutional Amendment Bill, popularly known as the Womens Reservation Bill which seeks to reserve one-third of seats for women in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies has been a highlight in the recent generation & it is highly appreciated in the direction of women empowerment. It was passed in the Rajya Sabha on March 9th 2010 one day after international womens day. Though puff up intended, it can have little, if any, tangible consequences for the real empowerment of women since it does not name upon the core issues which plague them.The solution must envisage a two-pronged attack, on the one hand, on tradition which is responsible for assigning a low status for wom en in the society and on the other hand, the outrages perpetrated against them. The proposed Prevention of intimate Harassment of Women at Workplace Bill, 2010 is a good move in that direction. Mass campaigns need to be organized especially in the villages in favour of survival of the female child and provision of human rights for her, including education and health.It is essential to dispel the ghosts of the past and place women on an equal undercoat with men in order to pave the way for their empowerment, social, economic and educational. The Chinmaya countrified Training Centre (CRTC) was founded by, Swami Chinmayananda, a revered Hindu spiritual leader in one of the most depressed areas of Himachal Pradesh. Sustainable development he believed was only possible if local women, generally belonging to lower castes and tribes, were able to take charge of their own lives and development.Empowering women and thus rebuilding the society would take the nation on a path of greater deve lopment as Swami Vivekananda says, Countries and Nations which do not respect women have never become great nor will ever be in future.

Classic Pen Co. Case

mere drop a line Co. Case In the past Classic save Company had been the low- make up producer of black and blue pens and had simoleons margins over 20% of sales. Over the last five years Pen Co. decided to start producing red and lofty pens. They require the same staple fiber production technology but can be sold at 3% and 10% premium selling prices. Sales Manager Dennis Selmor is only if seeing the financial results and is not happy with the numbers. The first issue that Pen Co. is facing is their decline in profitability. Even though the numbers describe the red and purple pens ar more profitable individually (red 14. %, purple 18. 2%), the overall return on sales is declining (13. 5%). A second issue that Pen Co. has is the issue of addendum of resource be. It requires a substantial amount of time for physical changeover of production from angiotensin converting enzyme colour pen to another. Particularly changing from another colour to red. The nett issue Pen Co. fac es is the increase of make ups related to plan and purchasing activities. Most of the indirect churn costs and computer system costs are related to scheduling and purchasing.Pen Companys declining profitability could be based on the amount of the companys bang. They have unconquerable overhead to be 300% of direct labour costs, when previously the overhead cost was only 200%. The make-up of this overhead is indirect labour, blast benefits, computer systems, machinery, maintenance, and energy. The reason for such a large increase in overhead is because of the melloweder demand for indirect costs due to the addition of more complex and specialized products. While the cost for direct labour per one unit is the same for each colour of pen produced.The cost for indirect labour is made up of three different activities 50% for handling production mental testings ($10,000), 40% for physical changeover or case-hardened up costs ($8,000), and 10% for maintaining records or parts adm inistration ($2,000). The cost for computer systems is made up of two activities 80% for production run activities ($8,000), and 20% for record keeping or parts administration ($2,000). last the remaining indirect costs are the machinery ($8,000), maintenance ($4,000), and energy ($2,000).These are all used to supply the machine with the capacity to produce the pens with a total of $14,000. Overall Classic Pen Co. must improve upon several(prenominal)(prenominal) areas of demand in order to increase its profitability similar to what it had been in the past. They need to increase their cookery and try to adjust their current planning system and organizing. They could invest in more computers to increase the amount of scheduling being done by computers and as a result dismantle their indirect labour costs.Finally I recommend they should invest in some more machines to produce the different colour pens in. This would have a high cost of capital but would eventually save the compan y cash in the labour cost and time required for the physical changeover between colours Calculation Page substantiating LabourMachine sustainment manipulation Production Runs = 10,000Machinery = 8,000 Set Up = 8,000Maintenance = 4,000 Parts Administration = 2,000Energy = 2,000 Fringe Indirect Labour = 8,000 come = 14,000 Computer SupportFringe for Direct LabourHandling Production Runs = 8,000Fringe = 8,000 Parts Administration = 2,000 Total Overhead = 60,000 Calculating Activity Rate Activities Activity constitute greet Driver Calculation Activity Rate 1) Handling PR 22,000 one hundred fifty 22,000/150 146. 67 / Run 2) Set Up 12,000 526 12,000/526 22. 81 / second 3) Parts Admin. 4,000 4 4,000/4 1000 / Product 4) Machine Support 14,000 10,000 14,000/10,000 1. 4 / Hour 5) Fringe DL 8,000 20,000 8,000/20,000 0. 4 / DL Cost Total 60,000

Importance of Matrifocal family in the caribbean Essay

The Matrifocal family Is very prominent in the Caribbean. This is noted more as among people of Africans in the regions. Reasons for this diversity, Cultural Retention, plantation system of thraldom, SOCIO economic and the culture of property. Cultural retention, Melville Herkevitts was one of the first researchers to analyze the African Origin of the slaves who came to the Americans he believed that despite attempts to strip Africans slaves ot their cultural heritage the practice ot polygyny was retained from the practice. affected by bonding and closeness of bewilder and child because the husband/ father was somewhat marginal.This pattern remained in the Caribbean orderliness especially about lower class people of African descent. grove system, there is the belief that the persistence of the Matrifocal family can be seen as a consequence of the plantation system of slavery, M. C. Smith wrote that under plantation slavery stables families were not given a chance to develop un ions of whatever sort, were often broken up as slaves were sold. The unit of mother and child was slight likely to be torn apart than a unit of man, muliebrity and child, males were denied family rights which resulted in a system of female centeredness therefore became marginalise.Women now train their families. It is a well-organized social group which represents a positive adaptauon to the circumstances of poverty. By not tying herself down to a husband. the mother is able to admit causal relationships with a number of men who can provide her with pecuniary support. The above In editionation shows that the Matrlfocal family can be regarded as a form of family structure in its own right. It is therefore Important because it shows that a char doesnt need a man to take care of her and her family, she If fully dividing line of performing both tasks all by herself. so Matrltocal family Is very Important.

Unilateral Neglect After Stroke Health And Social Care Essay

behavioural remissness Test is a common similar step for atomic number 53-sided cut dump and has been widely employ as the chieftain expirys in m distributively neglect surveies. A systematic followup was conducted in the undermentioned database from January 1997 to June 2012 PubMed/Med course of instruction ( 1965+ via EbscoHost ) , PsyhcINFO ( 1806+ ) , Science Direct, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to breast feeding and Allied wellness Literature, 1982+ ) , Cochrane Collaboration s registry of mental tests and PEDro ( Physi another(prenominal)apy Evidence Database ) .The re estimate include articles of randomized moldled tests ab come out of the clo sic neglect schemes among stroke patients that addressed Behavioral c atomic number 18lessness Test as primary results in the preventives. Meta-analysis was done.ConsequencesTwelve RCTs were identified in our reappraisal disparageonizing the inclusion and exclusion standardizeds. The qualities of the surveies were good wit h number Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) coif of 6.08 A 0.81. Different treatments have been studied in RCTs Prism variant ( PA ) appeargond to be the closely common, with 5 out of 12. The meta-analysis showed that for speedy effect of neglect interpositions, the turning constituted subtests has a statistic onlyy master(preno moal) average out force sizing of 0.76 ( 95 % CI, 0.28-1.23 p=0.002 ) whereas the poker chip Behavorial subtest showed no statistic bothy main(prenominal) average number surface of 0.37 ( 95 % CI, -0.19-0.91 p=0.17 ) , and the go ( thoroughgoing ) showed a modest statistic tot each(prenominal)yy in-chief(postnominal) average mo size of 0.55 ( 95 % CI, 0.16-0.94 p=0.006 ) . However, the meta-analysis showed that at that place was no statistic altogethery important average present moment size on perdurable cause for all identification number results. Among all intercessions, Prism Adaptation ( PA ) appears to be much(pr enominal) than effectual when compared to others found on the hour results after pooled analysis.DecisionPrism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the virtually common and effectual scheme among renewal intercessions on one-sided omit and rTMS possibly is a promising fervor for handling of one-sided cut down. renewal intercessions have unconditional contiguous energise on one-sided turn out as metrical by the BIT formulaic subtest than that on the behavioural subtest. As shown by the short durable effectuate, effects of reformation intercessions are frequently transeunt and frequently can non be generalized crosswise press cutting to daily working. All surveies faced the akin failing of start out power with smaller strains and re inexorableion in sightlessness design. More strict surveies should be done before coming to a steadfast decision.KeywordsSystematic reappraisal, Stroke, Unilateral Neglect, Rehabilitation, Treatment, Behavioural Inattention Test1. Introdu ctionUnilateral trim ( ULN ) is a varied perceptual upset that follows intellectual hemispherical lesion 1 , extraly after right hemisphere stroke. The to the highest degree typically characteristic of send packing is tribulation to describe or react the stimulation presented from the contralateral dateless, including stimulation from the visual, somatosensory, audile and kinesthesia stimulation even comprehending their ain organic structure part 2 . The flier incidence varies from 10 % to 82 % following right-hemisphere savour and from 15 % to 65 % following left-hemisphere shot 3 . Capable natural selection standards, lesion site, the nature and timing of the appraisal and deficiency of understanding on appraisal methods are all responsible for the variableness in the inform invest of happening of one-sided disregard after shot 1, 4 . As disregard twisty upset in directing aid, stand foring infinite and ascendant motion, it became an obstruction for rec overy from shot. Neglect has a important damaging impact associated with functional recovery at place discharge 5, 6 . Recently more research workers have put attempts on researching the underlie implement and the curative methods about the enormous challenge.Different intervention attacks and judgement battery have been developed to beak and rectify disregard. Recent literature shows that interventions for one-sided neglect autumn under both types of behavioural attacks. They are either enrolling the hemiplegic side or limbs to cut down a spatial penchant over the ipsilesional infinite, or bettering consciousness of the contralesional infinite to advance patients care 7, 8 , Up to now, more than 18 methods were put into pattern in these Fieldss 9 . Surveies establish on these attacks have reported changing consequences establish on a big figure of outcome steps. Despite the reported prime(a) is moderate for RCTs in neglect reformation 7 , several(prenominal)(a) a ttacks appear to be more promising. There were besides re blades that the effects of these stark naked interventions are frequently task-specific or transeunt and frequently can non be generalized to daily working 8, 10, 11 . It is difficult to state which attack is the optimum inspireation for clinical pattern due to deficient pace 9 . In add-on, professional healers seldom use these scientifically proved interventions 12 .The appraisal of ULN in the clinical scene has normally involved in pencil-and-paper undertakings, including line bisection, cancellation undertakings, copying, and pulling 13 , many RCTs use any(prenominal) of the undertakings as results. The Behavioural Inattention Test ( BIT ) is a criterion-referenced visitation for one-sided disregard or ocular inattention in patients endure from shot or encephalon hurts 14 . The trial is dissever into two classs the conventional and the behavioural subtests. This accompany use the conventional subtest, w hich is make up of 6 points line crossing, missive cancellation, star cancellation, figure and form copying, line bisection, and representational drawing. A cancellation subscore was calculated by adding the outgrowth 3 cancellation undertakings in concert and pulling subscore by adding the staying 3 undertakings.This reappraisal aimed to consistently reexamine the updated railway yard from RCTs on the effectualness of rehabilitation intercessions for one-sided disregard as bankers billd by the Behavioral Inattention Test ( BIT ) or its conventional ( BIT-C ) and behavioural subtests ( BIT-B ) .2. Methods2.1. DatabaseWe searched the undermentioned electronic databases PubMed/Medline ( 1965+ via EbscoHost ) , PsyhcINFO ( 1806+ ) , Science Direct, CINAHL ( Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, 1982+ ) , and Cochrane Collaboration s registry of tests. We besides hand-searched the bibliography of all surveies ordered in full text. Date of publication was restrict ed among January 1997 and June 2012.2.2. Search schemesWe used the undermentioned footings for seeking databases ( Cerebrovascular accident OR shot ) AND ( Neglect OR visuospatial disregard OR ocular disregard OR one-sided disregard OR hemisphere neglect OR visuo-spatial disregard ) .We include yet RCTs for grownups with age ( 19 old ages + ) publish from 19970101-20120630, restricted to English linguistic communication.2.3. Inclusion and exclusion standardsInclusion standardsWe include ( 1 ) all RCTs aimed at place the effectivity of any type of rehabilitation intercession to rectify disregard in grownup shot patients as diagnosed with one-sided disregard by clinical scrutiny and/or untarnished neuropsychological trials ( 2 ) Given our intent, we barely considered the surveies which addressed the Behavioral Inattention Test ( BIT ) 15 as the primary results. The BIT include the conventional subtest ( BIT-C ) and/or the behavioural subtest ( BIT-B ) every scrap good as the accurate strike out of BIT ( BIT ( Total ) ) or both.Exclusion standards( 1 ) Observational appraise, and instance study every trash good as cross-over design surveies ( 2 ) Full text is non available ( 3 ) with sample size less than 5 in apiece group and ( 4 ) every bit rated as 4 or less out of 10 by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) .2.5. Quality appraisalThe 2 referees ( Nicole, Y.Y.H and Kenneth, F.N.K ) appraised all documents harmonizing to the Physiotherapy Evidence Database ( PEDro ) receive table. It was developed specifically for measuring the caliber of surveies aimed at equivalence the effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions 16, 17 which has been proved to be a validated step of the methodological tincture of clinical tests. It was valid to sum PEDro scale point tonss to obtain a entire mark that can be treated as interval degree measuring and subjected to parametric statistical analysis 18, 19 . There are 11 points in the PEDro graduat ed table The startle standards point eligibility is non scored which was used as a constituent of external cogency, the other 10 points obtained a entire mark from 10 ( RCT that satisfies all points ) to 0 ( RCT that does non fulfill anyone ) . The PEDro graduated table classify surveies as of high or low qualities based on a cut-off mark at 6 out of 10. High prime(a) means articles that obtain a mark equal to or high than 6 and low quality surveies score less than 6.2.4. Data line and analysisEach include watch over was carefully assessed for inclusion standards, and the necessary information and features of each included survey was ab initio summarized and extracted by the premiere writer ( first referee ) and was listed on a tabular array. The abstract every bit good as these sum-ups was independently checked and confirmed by a second referee who is the 2nd writer of the baseball mittcript. In instance of dissensions in the midst of the referees, the sentiment of the 3rd referee was sought.We calculate Cohen s vitamin D on single consequence sizes for included surveies and compare the comparative effectivity. Meta-analysis one the boilersuit intervention effectivity will be done with Review jitney 5.0. Standardized average difference ( SMD ) was taken as the consequence size and its 95 % sureness interval was computed. Test of heterogeneousness was used to measure the possible heterogeneousness across surveies. If heterogeneousness existed, random-effect supposititious account was used. Otherwise, the fixed-effect speculative account was used alternatively. The sensitiveness analysis was besides used to measure the impact of the overall intervention effectivity by withdrawing one test one time at a clip.3. ConsequencesFigure 1 shows the choice procedure. The guides in general yielded 201 commendations from 1997 to 2012. After taking extras, 153 commendations were obtained. Based on the rubric and abstract of the articles, 32 potentially rele vant articles were obtained. And they were so carefully evaluated by the referees. We identified 25 clinical tests 20-44 which entered the eventually assessment. Reasons for the exclusion of the other 7 articles were ( 1 ) they were merely reviews or mechanical surveies, instance studies or other clinical survey design such as multiple-baseline design, cross-over design, ( 2 ) absence of a control group, and ( 3 ) the sample is less than 5 in each group. Finally, 12 articles were included in our reappraisal 21, 22, 25-27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 40, 44 and other articles were excluded as the BIT was non used as the primary outcome step.Fig 1 Overview of literature hunt and choice procedureThe overall quality of the 12 RCTs is just to good ( bow 1 ) . The average sum mark was 6.08 A 0.81, with a backcloth from 5 to 9. 4 of them ( 33.3 % ) were identified with just quality when cut-off line was set at 6 out of 10 based on the PEDro graduated table. sidestep 1 PEDro tonss of included surveiesItemsSurveiesEligibility1 Random allotment2 conceal allotment3 Baseline comparison4 Blind topics5 Blind healers6 Blind assessors7 Adequate followup8 Intention-to-treat analysis9 Between-group comparings10 Point estimations variablenessMarkQualityNysa et Al. 2008yes10110010116/10 undecomposedSerino et Al. 2009yes00110010115/10CarnivalTurton et Al. 2010yes11000110116/10 seriousMizuno et Al. 2011yes11110110118/10GoodLadavas et Al. 2011yes10110100116/10GoodRobertson et Al. 2002yes10100110116/10GoodLuukkainen-Markkulaa et Al. 2009yes11100010015/10CarnivalFong et Al. 2007yes10100110116/10GoodTsang et Al. 2006yes11100100116/10GoodHarvey et Al. 2003yes10110010105/10CarnivalKoch et Al. 2012yes11111110119/10GoodFerreira et Al. 2011NO10100010115/10CarnivalFeatures of the included surveiesDescriptions of the 12 articles included in the reappraisal are listed in get across 2. Two surveies 40, 44 used double-blinded design and others largely were single-blinded tests. remit 2 Feature s of included surveiesSurveiesMethodsInterventionsBIT based ConsequencesTypeStudy designControlGroupstopics( N )shot continuanceTreatmentgovernmentDurationImmediateLong-runNysa et Al. 2008 dadsingle-blindRCTPlacebo( inert gawk )n=16PA gp=10CT gp=6a 4 double-uWore brace of goggles fitted with wide- study point-to-point prismatic lenses shifted their ocular landing field of honor 10A/0Arightward and make some fast pointing motions30min/ posingfour-day-in-row Sessionss4dBIT-Ci??-i?BIT-Bi??-i?follow-upi??1mSerino et Al. 2009Dadsingle-blindPseud-RCTPlacebo( impersonal goggles )ni??20PA gp=10CT gp=10a?1 mhave oning prismatic lenses, which shifted their ocular field 10A/0Arightward and indicating motions30 min/session 10 day-to-day Sessionss deep down 2 hebdomad2wBITi??+i?BITi??+i?follow-upi??1mTurton et Al. 2010Dadsingle-blindRCTPlacebo( level field glass )ni??36PA gp=17i??1 drop-outi?CT gp=19i??1 drop-outi?a?20 vitamin Dwore 10 diopters, 6 grade prisms utilizing index riff to tou ch a bold verticalline on block outone time a 24 hours, each working twenty-four hours2wBITi??-i?BITi??-i?follow-upi??8wMizuno et Al. 2011Daddouble-maskedRCTPlacebo( impersonal spectacless )ni??38PA gp=18CT gp=20a 3mwore prism spectacless shifted ocular field 12A to right and repeat pointing undertakings20 min/session command, 5 yearss / hebdomad2wBIT-Ci??-i?BIT-Bi??-i?BIT-Ci??-i?BIT-Bi??-i?follow up until dischargeLadavas et Al. 2011Dadsingle-blindPseud-RCTPlacebo( impersonal spectacless )ni??30TPA gp=10CPA gp=10CT gp=10a?2mWore wide-field prismaticlenses bring oning a 10a- displacement ocular field to right and repeat pointing undertakings30 min/sessionone per twenty-four hours,10 Sessionss2wTPAi?sBIT-Bi??+i?BIT-Ci??+i?CPAi?sBIT-Ci??-i?BIT-Bi??-i?No followupRobertson et Al. 2002LAsingle-blindRCTsilent person thingamajign=40LA+PT=19i??2 drop-outi?PT=21i??2 drop-outi?Lanthanum152.8A142.4Platinum152.1 A117.9utilizing a semi-automatic device for limb activating combined with perce ptual preparation45 min/ sessionone time a hebdomad12 Sessionss12wBIT-Bi??-i?BIT-Bi??-i?follow-upi??18-24mLuukkainen-Markkulaa et Al. 2009LAsingle-blindRCTtraditional ocular scanning preparationni??12LA gp=6CT gp=6a6 marm activation trainingi??Determined by the single manus and arm aim position assessed by WMFTi?Entire 48 hours of therapy3wBIT-Ci??+i?BIT-Ci??+i?Follow-upi??6mFong et Al. 2007TRTR+EPsingle-blindRCTconventional OTni??54TR gp=19TR+EP gp=20CT gp=15a8 tungstenTrunk rotary motion wasperformed in trio different places resupine lying on a pedestal, unsupported sitting on a pedestal, and standingin a standing frame1 hour/session5 times /week30dBIT-Bi??-i?BIT-Ci??-i?BIT i??-i?BIT-Bi??-i?BIT-Ci??-i?BIT i??-i?Follow-up= 60dTsang et Al. 2009EPsingle-blindRCTconventional OTni??34EP gp=17CT gp=17EP21.5A21.67Connecticut22.18 A 15.87underwent occupational therapy with particular spectacless barricading the right half ocular field30min ADL +30min NDT for UL/day4wBIT-Ci??+i?No follo wupHarvey et Al. 2003VFRCTSame activities Without feedbackni??14VF gp=7CT gp=75-25 mexperimenter-administered pattern of rod raising with justice centre grids for proprioceptive and ocular feedback1h/d with 3di?so 10 yearss of homebased intercession3d/2wBIT-Ci??+i?BIT-Bi??-i?BIT-Ci??+i?BIT-Bi??-i?follow-upi??1mKoch et Al. 2012Terbiumdouble-blindRCTfakespiral travel 90Ani??18TBS gp=9CT gp=9a?1 m( 43A16d )3-pulse explosions at 50 Hz repeat every 200 millisecond for 40 s i??80 % AMT over the left PPC2 essions/di??15min intervalli?5 d/week2wBIT-Bi??+i?BIT-Ci??+i?BIT i??+i?BIT-Bi??+i?BIT-Ci??+i?BIT i??+i?follow-upi??1mFerreira et Al. 2011armed services policemanVSTsingle-blindRCTConventional PT without any intervention for disregardni??15MP gp=5VST gp=5CT gp=5a? 3 mVolt The protocol included 4 undertakings 2 say to the extrapersonal infinite and 2 turn toing peripersonal disregard Military policeman included 4 undertakings 2 undertakings of motor imagination and 2 of ocular imaginati on.1h/sessionTwice per hebdomad5wVST BIT-Ci??+i?Military policeman BIT-C ( )VST BIT-Ci??+i?Military policeman BIT-Ci??-i?follow-upi??2mAbbreviations PA=prism version LA=limb activation TR= bole rotary motion EP=eye join VF=Visuomotor feedback TBS=Theta-burst stimulation MP=mental pattern VST= ocular scanning preparation BIT= Behavioral Inattention Test BIT-C= BIT conventional subtest BIT-B= BIT behavioural subtests OT=occupational therapy PT=physiotherapyParticipantsThis reappraisal encompassed 277 topics with one-sided disregard. All of them were grownups with right encephalon harm due to stroke most of the topics had a diagnosing of first individualist right hemisphere stroke. The continuance from the shot oncoming covered from subtle stage ( a4w ) to chronic stage ( a?6m ) , but most surveies were conducted in the subacute and chronic stage after shot. All surveies used similar inclusion and exclusion standards including age, diagnosing of shot ( the lesion locati on based on CT or MRI ) , right-handed, presence of one-sided disregard identified by either a clinical scrutiny or a standard disregard appraisal battery, and free of any other confusing neurological shortages or rational damages.InterventionsAmong the 12 surveies included, five 27, 32, 39, 40 implemented the effectivity of prism version ( PA ) . There were differences in the PA process, one survey 27 used insistent PA for a short period, and another survey used different feedback schemes in PA ( Terminal prism version, TPA and Concurrent prism version, CPA ) .During TPA, merely the concluding portion of the indicating motion is seeable and prism version relies most strongly on a strategic recalibration of visuomotor eye-hand co-ordinates. In contrast, for CPA the 2nd half of the indicating motion is seeable, and at that placefore version chiefly consists of a realignment of proprioceptive co-ordinates 39 . All the five surveies used the same control methods with impersonal goggles. There were two 21, 30 articles applied limb activation, other articles used different intercessions visuomotor feedback, practical world, insistent transcranial magnetic stimulation ( Theta-burst stimulation ) . Compared to a old reappraisal 45 , there was no new intercession reported in this reappraisal in the clip period except the uninterrupted Theta-burst stimulation ( cTBS ) . We included a RCT utilizing rTMS with high quality for the first clip. All surveies investigated individual intervention, except one RCT survey 26 investigated the effectivity of combinations of two different therapeutics ( trunk rotary motion and eye- piece ) .Duration of intervention period ranged from 3-day 29 to 5-week 38 , but for half of the surveies the intervention absolute frequency was 30 min per session, 5 Sessionss per hebdomad, and 2 hebdomads for a entire 10 Sessionss. All intervention were conducted in infirmaries except one 22 survey involved self-administered home-b ased pattern for two hebdomads.Outcome measuringIn all surveies the results included functional activities and stiffness of disregard. The functional results included the Functional Independence Measure, the Barthel Index, upper limb motor maps ( the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Modified Motor opinion musical scale ) every bit good as the Stroke deterioration Assessment Set. Apart from the BIT, the result for neglect badness included the Catherine Bergego Scale ( CBS ) , the Bell Cancellation Test, reading and computerized ocular hunt undertakings, and paper-and-pencil disregard trials.There were three surveies 32, 35, 36 utilizing BIT entire tonss, three surveies 27, 39, 40 utilizing both the BIT-C and the BIT-B singly as results, two surveies 26, 44 utilizing both the BIT entire, the BIT-C and the BIT-B as results. scarce one survey 21 utilizing the BIT-B entirely as the result.Effectss of rehabilitation intercession1. The optimum intercession for disregardCohen s vitamin D on single consequence sizes was calculated as the difference among the pre- and posttest agencies for the individual intervention group, divided by the SD of the pretest scores. There were more than one paper about PA, so we pooled the consequence size of PA prior to relative comparing on all consequence sizes. The consequences showed that for straightaway effects, PA was the highest one when metrical by BIT-C and BIT-B, while CBT was the highest in BIT entire graduated table all attacks showed low consequence size in the durable effects ( Table 3a &038 A 3b ) .Table 3a Immediate consequence size of each attackResults critiqueApproachEffect sizeBIT-CLadavas et Al ( 1 ) . 2011Ladavas et Al. ( 2 ) 2011Mizuno et Al. 2011Dad1.31 -0.26, 2.88 ( pooled )Ferreira et Al. 2011VST1.16 -0.24, 2.56 Harvey et Al. 2003VF1.15 -0.25, 2.55 Tsang et Al. 2009EP0.71 0.02, 1.41 Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.50 -0.19, 1.19 Luukkainen-Markkula 2009LA0.27 -0.87, 1.41 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .20 07TR+EP0.19 -0.48, 0.86 BIT-BLadavas et Al ( 1 ) . 2011Mizuno et Al. 2011Dad0.86 -0.45, 2.18 ( pooled )Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.16 -0.52, 0.84 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.15 -0.52, 0.82 Robertson et Al. 2002LA-0.08 -0.70, 0.54 BIT ( Total )Koch et Al. 2012Terbium1.46 0.39, 2.53 Serino et Al. 2009Turton et Al. 2010Dad0.55 0.16, 0.94 ( pooled )Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.40 -0.28, 1.09 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.18 -0.49, 0.85 Table 3b durable consequence size of each attackItemsSurveyApproachEffect sizeBIT-CMizuno et Al. 2011Nysa et Al. 2008Dad0.52 -0.07, 1.11 ( pooled )Luukkainen-Markkula 2009LA0.38 -0.76, 1.53 Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.26 -0.52, 1.03 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.25 -0.47, 0.97 BIT-BFong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.26 -0.51, 1.03 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.22 -0.50, 0.94 Mizuno et Al. 2011Nysa et Al. 2008Dad0.03 -0.55, 0.60 ( pooled )Robertson et Al. 2002LA-0.23 -0.85, 0.40 BIT ( Total )Fong et Al ( 1 ) . 2007TR0.27 -0.50, 1.05 Fong et Al ( 2 ) .2007TR+EP0.24 -0.48, 0.96 Koch et Al. 2012Terbium1.97 0.79, 3.14 Serino et Al. 2009Turton et Al. 2010Dad-0.06 -0.57, 0.44 ( pooled )2. Effectss of rehabilitation intercession versus any control on BIT stepsIn order to see the overall effectivity of rehabilitation intercessions on disregard, we applied a meta-analysis on all BIT consequences refer to value average difference ( SMD ) and 95 % assurance intervals ( CI )utilizing random-effects theoretical accounts. The comparing consequences of both speedy and durable effects based on BIT were summarized in Table 4 and inside informations of single intercessions are presented in wood secret plan ( fig 2a &038 A 2b ) .Table 4 Effectss of rehabilitation intercession versus any control on BIT stepsResult or SubgroupSurveiesParticipantsstatistical MethodEffect judge1.1 immediate effects13547Std. symbolize inconsistency ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.57 0.29, 0.84 A A 1.1.1 BIT-C9209Std. beggarly difference of opinion ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.76 0.28, 1.23 A A 1.1.2 BIT-B6183Std. inculpate Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.37 -0.16, 0.91 A A 1.1.3 BIT ( Total )5155Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.55 0.16, 0.94 1.2 durable effects9400Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.21 0.01, 0.41 A A 1.2.1 BIT-C5117Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.37 0.00, 0.74 A A 1.2.2 BIT-B5145Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.04 -0.29, 0.37 A 1.2.3 BIT ( Total )5138Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.36 -0.21, 0.92 Fig 2a Rehabilitation intercession versus any control, result immediate effectsFigure 2b rehabilitation versus any control, result durable effectsImmediate consequence of rehabilitation intercessionFig.2a showed the forest secret plan of the immediate effects of the included surveies. The meta-analysis showed that there was important heterogeneousness across the surveies, the random consequence theoretical account was chosen. The BIT-C had a statistically imp ortant average consequence size of 0.76 ( 95 % CI, 0.28-1.23 p=0.002 ) . The BIT-B showed no statistically important average consequence size of 0.37 ( 95 % CI, -0.19-0.91 p=0.17 ) , and the BIT ( Total ) showed a statistically important average consequence size of 0.55 ( 95 % CI, 0.16-0.94 p=0.006 ) . The sensitiveness of each test on the average consequence size was besides assessed by excepting one test one time at a clip.The overall consequence was the same even when any one of the tests was eliminated.Durable consequence of rehabilitation intercessionFig.2b showed the forest secret plan of the durable effects of the included surveies. The meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically important on all results of the BIT-C, BIT-B, and BIT ( Total ) .The impact of each test on the average consequence size was besides evaluated by excepting one test at a clip. The consequence was still non-significant ( p &038 gt 0.05 ) even when one of the tests was eliminated.Pooled co nsequence of PA on disregardSince there was more than one survey on the consequence of PA, we pooled the consequence size of each result ( Table 5 ) . No statistically important consequences were found both immediate and durable effects in all results with important heterogeneousness.Table 5 PA intercession on DisregardResult or SubgroupSurveiesParticipantsStatistical MethodEffect Estimate2.1 immediate effects5216Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.89 0.27, 1.51 A A 2.1.1 BIT-C374Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )1.31 -0.26, 2.88 A A 2.1.2 BIT-B374Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.86 -0.45, 2.18 A A 2.1.3 BIT ( Total )268Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.59 -0.02, 1.19 2.2 durable effects4125Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.15 -0.20, 0.51 A A 2.2.1 BIT-C247Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )0.52 -0.07, 1.11 A A 2.2.2 BIT-B116Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )-0.04 -1.06, 0.97 A A 2.2.3 BIT ( Total )26 2Std. Mean Difference ( IV, Random, 95 % CI )-0.06 -0.57, 0.44 4. DiscussionOur systematic reappraisal indicates that there is modest grounds back uping prism version and oculus patching to cut down one-sided disregard in patients with shot, as shown by the BIT-C both in immediate and durable effects. Other surveies proved positive effects with usage of ocular scanning preparation 36 , visuomotor feedback 22 , and TBS 46 . Since Koch et al 44 , Merely reported the entire mark of BIT and entire tonss of BIT-C and the BIT-B was non available, it is impossible to pull the decision that rTMS was better than prism version in bettering the public presentation of undertakings from the BIT-C and BIT-B for neglect patients.Harmonizing to this reappraisal, the PA seems set up to had the highest consequence size in immediate effects, but the 95 % assurance interval of consequence size crossed over nothing point, so it is no statistically important when it come to the decision. prism version, a bottom-up intercession affecting sensory-motor malleability, was foremost described by Rossetti et al 46 based on the phenomenon of visuo-motor version. And has been widely used as a epitome to show visuomotor short-run malleability 47 .the process consists of have oning an visual prisms and a series of insistent perceptual-motor indicating motions. The possible nervous mechanism be the curative consequence is that prism version reduces left spacial disregard by easing the enlisting of integral encephalon countries responsible for commanding normal visuospatial end product by ways of short-run sensori-motor malleability. This technique have produced some betterment in a broad range of mountains of disregard symptoms particularly the ocular 1s 48-50 . However, some opposite consequences were reported 51, 52 , The inconsistent consequences likely due to the incomparability of intervention setup, continuance of the intervention, differences in the undertakings us ed to measure prism version effects and the post-stroke continuance. Similar to PA, oculus patching is another underside up compensational intercession for disregard. In our reappraisal, Tang 25 reported that the 4 hebdomads application of right hemi-visual field patching show a important consequence with consequence size of 0.71. This technique concentrates the patients attending on the contralesional infinite by barricading the ipsilesional ocular field, which lessens the disinhibition to the pointing mechanism of the ipsilesional side prove from interhemispheric instability. But more good quality RCTs is needed for measuring the extant impact on disregard.The theta-burst stimulation ( TBS ) is a sort of insistent transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) which showed comparatively high consequence size as measured by the BIT entire tonss in our reappraisal. Transcranial magnetic stimulation ( TMS ) has vex a popular method to excite the human encephalon, Insistent stimulat ion ( rTMS ) has particularly gained involvement for its curative potency to modify cortical irritability 53 , which throw visible radiations on the usage of the inter-hemispheric competition theoretical account in explicating the recovery after neglect upset in shot patients 54-57 . Harmonizing to these surveies, the insistent Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ( rTMS ) induced and repaired the interhemispheric instability ( a neglect-like behaviour ) in the left or right posterior parietal cerebral mantle in healthy worlds. Based on these findings, some surveies were conducted to research whether this attack may be utile in forward clinical recovery from disregard and the consequence is assuring 57-60 . Compared to traditional standard cognitive intercession, rTMS can speed up clinical recovery and more effectual in bettering standard trials. And it seemed that the severely patients at baseline geted more from the intercession. However, the different result measurings and c linical test methodological restriction made it impossible to pull any decision based on burly grounds.This reappraisal can non reply inquiry refering the beat out beginning clip for neglect rehabilitation intercession, because that most participants of the included surveies were recruited in either the subacute or chronic stages. Merely few surveies implemented rehabilitation to drop within one month after stroke 26, 27 . As most of the unprompted recovery after shot was happened in the first month 61 , in order to avoid the confounding of self-generated recovery, farther research is necessary to find the effects of an earlier rehabilitation against natural recovery of one-sided disregard after shot. Neglect is the best individual forecaster of long-run functional damage and hapless result in the early phase 62, 63 , and recent surveies on the mechanism of neglect emphasized more on the secondary alterations of remote weathervane related to attending 64 . A survey 65 based on neuroimaging showed that at two hebdomads after shot, the usually functional connectivity between left and right dorsal parietal cerebral mantle was interrupt and the grade of dislocation correlated with the badness of left spacial disregard. So it is sensible that patients should get down neglect intercession every bit shortly as possible in the acute phase in order to avoid erudite no-use occurred over the neglect side by increasing multisensory inputs or stimulation to the ipslateral encephalon parts and decelerate down the secondary alteration in the encephalon relation to pretermit. For farther research, we recommend earlier intercession and adequate follow up to maximise the benefit and proctor persist consequence of disregard rehabilitation and functional results.Our reappraisal indicates that the BIT conventional subtests and the BIT entire mark may be used to mensurate the immediate effects on one-sided disregard as the entire average consequence size on immediate effects was 0.76 and 0.57 severally, which can be consider as clinically important 66 . The BIT behavioural subtests should non be used entirely as an result as we could non establish any satisfactory consequence in the BIT-B as the consequence size is excessively little ( average immediate consequence size=0.37, average durable consequence size=0.04 ) to make any statistical important consequences.Restrictions of the reappraisalThe reappraisal exists some restrictions. The quality of the included surveies limits the determination of this reappraisal. Although there was an betterment in the coverage quality as the average sum mark in this reappraisal was 6.08 A 0.81 ( ranged from 5 to 9 ) as rated by the PEDro, which is higher than that of the antecedently reported mark 4.56 A 1.54 with a scope from 2 to 7, obtained from the overall RCTs in another reappraisal of neglect rehabilitation 7 . The intention-to-treat analysis is non at rest by any of the surveies. The sightlessness design is still the most failing of these RCTs. The heterogeneousness of surveies included meant this meta-analysis is less powerful and could non place a conclusive optimum intervention approach.in add-on extended hunt may call for more surveies to beef up the decision.DecisionPrism Adaptation ( PA ) appeared to be the most common and effectual scheme among rehabilitation intercessions on one-sided disregard and rTMS possibly is a promising attack for intervention of one-sided disregard. Rehabilitation intercessions have positive immediate effects on one-sided disregard as measured by the BIT conventional subtest than that on the behavioral subtest. As shown by the short durable effects, effects of rehabilitation intercessions are frequently transeunt and frequently can non be generalized across clip to daily working. All surveies faced the same failing of lower power with smaller samples and restriction in sightlessness design. More strict surveies should be done before coming to a steadfast decision.

Netflix and Consumer Behavior Trends Essay

Netflix, Inc. is a subscription-based movie and television show renting dish out that offers media to its subscribers through on-demand internet stream and depictiondisc-by-mail helper. Since its start in 1997, Netflix has interpreted the movie lease dry land by storm, becoming the worlds largest online movie rental service. As of January 2013 Netflix had a total of 29. 4 million float customers worldwide (Cohan). Netflix foundation attribute much of its achievement to its decisions to follow trends in consumer mien, while its major competitors, namely blockbuster, sealed their denominate by ignoring them.In the following paper I volition spot you how Netflix was up to(p) to stay afloat while other movie rental companies failed, and gained success by following trends in consumer behavior. Background Netflix was founded in 1997 by Marc Randolph and Reed Hastings. Hastings had the idea for the DVD-by-mail service when he was forced to recompense $40 in late fees after returning an overdue motion picture. The gild began its operation in April of 1998, with its core business being DVD-by-mail rental service. in any case being one of the commencement exercise companies to rent DVDs by mail, Netflix also plotted to capitalize on the fact that major brick and mortar video stores, such(prenominal) as Blockbuster, did non carry a wide selection of DVD rentals at the time. Netflix experienced much success with DVD-by-mail rentals, hitting the one million subscribers mark in February of 2003, and merchant vessels over 1,000,000 DVDs by mail per daylight by 2005.In 2007 Netflix introduced its Video on Demand Service. This service was extremely successful, eventually making Netflix the number one online video streaming service in the world. Netflix, Inc. History) Consumer Behavior Trends Towards Entertainment There ar several(prenominal) key trends in consumer behavior towards cheer that Netflix was subject to capitalize on. The first consumer be havior trend is public lavatory. The fast paced world that we live in has the just consumer seeking out anything that will save them the smallest amount of time or effort. Therefore, consumers expect entertainment fast, and at their fingertips. The next trend in consumer behavior is to limit spending.Due to the financial hardships our country has been experiencing in recent days consumers are looking to cut cost in whatever style possible. Before making a purchase decision, consumers are looking for a much higher cost/value ratio than they were in the past. The three consumer behavior trend Netflix was able to pick up on is the Smartphone/ domiciliation trend. According to Business Insider, there are at least clxv million active Android and Apple iOS devices in the U. S. and that they are employ by 78% of the adult population (Blodget). Todays consumers are hardwired to participate from anywhere at any time they handling their smartphones for everything they screwing and ex pect to be able to do almost anything on it. Having the major power to stream media straight to their smartphones was almost expected by consumers. How Netflix Followed Consumer Behavior Trends Netflix was able to satisfy the consumers require for convenience at first by shipping unlimited DVDs through the mail for a monthly membership fee, kind of of making consumers visit a brick and mortar location (Kang).Since then, Netflix has furthered adhered to the consumers need for convenience by introducing Video on Demand streaming in 2007. through and through Video on Demand Netflix subscribers have their choice of thousand of natural and old TV shows and movies to watch at just the click of the mouse. Customers can stream videos from netflix using a multitude of devices such as Xbox, PlayStation 3, Wii, Roku, their smartphone or birth control pill, or their computer, making Netflix easily accessible to almost all consumers.Netflixs decision to in incorporated Video on Demand into its service offerings was brought on by two factors- the decline in DVD sales offset in 2006, and the increase in the amount of consumers who were viewing video substance digitally through websites like YouTube. These two factors demonstrated a implicit in(p) shift in the way pack consume entertainment that Netflix was fond to catch on to (Kang). Netflixs main competitor at the time, Blockbuster, chose to ignore these trends in consumer behavior, leading to its ultimate demise Netflix almost single- handedly wiped out the retail video rental business.Blockbuster went bankrupt last fall (Kang). The article wherefore Blockbuster Went Bust While Netflix Flourished found on Dailyfinance online states Netflixs corporate mindset has been key to its talent to adapt as people started gravitating toward online video streaming. Its method is to put new technology at the service of customers while keeping a close eye on ever-changing delivery costs and the competition (Cohan, 2010) Net flixs strategy of appealing to the consumers need for fast, convenient at home entertainment has proved to be successful.In the fourth quarter of 2012, Netflix reported customer growth of 2. 05 million customers in the United States, bringing its total US customer base to 27. 15 million. According to Brian Stelter in an article written for The New York Times Netflixs fourth-quarter success was a convenient reminder to the entertainment and technology industries that consumers increasingly want on-demand access to television shows and movies. Streaming services by Amazon, Hulu and Redbox are all competing on the same playing field, but for now Netflix stiff the biggest such service, and thus a pioneer for all the others. Stelter) The state of the US economy has caused consumers to seek out ways to cut corners with spending as much as possible. In terms of entertainment, this has lead to more(prenominal) people staying in and watching movies instead of going out as a way to save mon ey (Crutchfield). From the beginning Netflix offered consumers an affordable means to entertainment by charging users a reasonable flat fee to have DVDs mail to them as often as they want, without any late fees (Cohan).Today, Netflixs more prominent service, instant streaming video, offers consumers the same affordability as its DVD by mail service. The company provides consumers with a very affordable subscription plan- unlimited streaming movie rentals for $7. 99 a month. CEO of Netflix, Reed Hastings believes that at this price people who use it once or twice a month will still find value and come venture and those who use it once or twice a week will rave about it to friends (Kim). Due to the rise in smartphones and tablets, and the amount of things consumers use theses devices for Netflix made the decisions to expand their service offerings to smartphones and tablets. In May of 2011 Netflix released a secrete application consumers can download on their smartphone or tablet t hat allows them to at once stream movies and television shows to their smartphone anywhere there is WiFi, as long as they have a subscription (Brown).Consumers were very impressed with the quality of the video streaming Netflix was able to provide via smartphone or tablet, Over WiFi viewing is vivid as though you were looking at a DVD not a video streamed off the internet (Brown). Netflixs integration with the smartphone and tablet market has proved to be wildly successful, The company said gross of $945 million, up from $875 million in the quarter in 2011, was driven in part by holiday sales of new tablets (Stelter). The Netflix app ConclusionIn conclusion, much of Netflixs success can be accredited to the actions taken by the company to stay on top of and follow trends in consumer behavior. If the fate of Blockbuster is any indication, the level of attention companies pay to changing consumer behavior trends and the actions they take to be the first to satisfy the needs of tho se customers has the ability to make or break the company. Despite Blockbusters theatre brand name, Netflix, a relatively unknown company at the time, was able to win its customers by offering them the things they felt of value that Blockbuster did not.

France vs. England 17th Century Essay

There argon in the first place two types of governments that emerged during the seventeenth century. Most of the political increment took place in France and England. Absolute monarchy took over by dint ofout France while constitutionalism, or parliamentary monarchy, was change earth popular in England between 1640 and 1780. Frances sacrosanct monarchy developed because of the nobles and male monarchs foc apply on the concept of divine right. England, on the other(a) hand, developed through the businessmen and landowners trying to prevent the central concentration of political power. These governments grasped the fore legal opinion of philosophers, leaders, and churches. Eventu eithery, both would develop and influence the modern world today in Europe and the Americas. France was very popular at the time for creating the idea of kings govern by divine right. This perception was that the ruler of a specific farming was dress thither by God. It was their divine right to be on that point because they were performing the work of God.The kings subjects were not to question the decisions of the king because it was Gods will and who can question God? female monarch Louis XIV was the most influential towards divine rights. He expected to be treated like a god because he was His representative on earth. Louis XIV was supported by Bishop Jacques-Bnigne Bossuet, who was the leader of French Catholicism in the seventeenth century. He used examples from the New Testament of rulers who were only answerable to God. Popes had insisted since the medieval times that they could only be judged by God. Bossuet and Louis XIV wherefore signald that only God had the right to judge kings. In England, there was a lot of turmoil between the curbing monarchs and large landowners. face monarchs attempt to copy France with their financial system that did not depend heavily on the estates, diets, or assemblies of nobles. By doing this, it tendinged to grant French mo narchs absolute rule. While intimately carry throughd in France, the English monarchy failed royally. James I of England similarly tried to achieve the divine right of kings. He wanted to lessen parliaments power and called on them for help as little as possible. Without the help of parliament, James I had to find other means of revenue. He pronto angered his subjects because of Englands inadequate income he threatened nobles, large landowners, and those of technical wealth for m one and only(a)y.James I and the Duke of Buckingham withal sold royal line to the highest bidders. These were some of the key factors that led to the distrust of the English monarchs. In contrast, business leader Louis XIV gained the trust of his people and nobles with ease. He would entertain nobles at Versailles, his private twenty-six acre home. He would then grant them tax exemptions, wealth, and social standing(a) if they supported him. The French nobility found the best way to shelter an d promote their interests was to support the reigning monarch. Instead of depending on the wealth of the nobles, he made the nobles dependent on him. He proclaimed that, the state is me, or in other words, that France outlasted for him. Louis XIV also promoted that there should be one king, one law, one faith. This helped him gain the loyalty of the Roman Catholics who wanted to restore Catholicism as the prominent religion in Europe. English monarchs also botched in establishing absolute monarchy because of religion. Protestant became the leading religion among the English. Protestants believed that sunshine should be full of religious observances and very little leisure or recreation. James I believed that recreation and sports were innocent activities and permitted them to be played on Sunday, which infuriated the Protestant religions. Because of a few other miss happenings, a Protestant movement known as Puritanism was established.This was a nonpolitical big businessman that opposed absolutism and sought to limit political authority and last overturn it. There were also Puritans in France that tried to rebel yet their efforts were crushed by Louis XIV and the Roman Catholics who enforced religious uniformity. England also differed from France because of the creation of the card of Rights. After the Glorious Revolution, when James II fled to France, England empower William and Mary of Orange on the throne. Though they were the new reigning monarchs, fantan issued the Bill of Rights that limited powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English classes. William and Mary signed the Bill of Rights that would let them rule only by the consent of Parliament. From the beginning of their reign in 1689, they brought many economic and military resources into balance with the French and would last top France as the powerhouse of Europe. In Comparing French and English political development, the beliefs of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke p erfectly illustrate the differences between absolute and parliamentary governments. Hobbes was a strict supporter to absolutism and complete control. Locke was a supporter of constitutionalism and protecting the natural rights of populace.Both of these philosophers, being completely diametric in view from the other, is the classic battle that has gone on always and still exists today the fight for power and the fight for immunity. Thomas Hobbes was a very talented and depressing political philosopher. He had discouragingly first gear view on values and the natural state of humans. Hobbes believed that the human cannonball along was so wicked and power stricken that they were cast out of enlightenment into the earth. To Hobbes, as expressed in the Leviathan, human nature was based on physical sensations and lust for power. One of his famous sayings was, life is war of every man against every man. This is why he thought that human beings must(prenominal) be controlled by ab solute authority. The individuals should be told every choice to ingest and constrained by one supreme ruler that holds all power. Hobbes thought that rulers should have unlimited power because, the dangers of anarchy are always great than those of tyranny. John Locke, known as the defender of moderate liberty and toleration, had just about the exact opposite views as Hobbes. Locke viewed human beings in their natural state as being creatures of goodwill and reason. He believed that humans were divine creatures put on earth by God to learn from it and make it useful. Locke wrote the try Concerning Human Understanding that described the mind as being a blank slate at birth. As a person grows the development of who they become is based on their surroundings and those around them. Hobbes idea that humans are all evil is rebuked by Locke saying that people are not born evil.Their surroundings, experiences, and influences are what develop evil tendencies. Locke also wrote the ii Tre atises of Government. The first described his distaste of absolutism. With too much power, he argued that there would be no freedom for anyone in the condition of absolute monarchy. The blink of an eye treatise he described the natural and God given rights of humans. Among them were the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Those ideas were used throughout history and in the Declaration of Independence. Another belief of his was that governments exist to protect liberty and the natural state of people not to crucify them. Locke was a very influential philosopher who greatly impressed many prospective generations with his political philosophical insight.Overall, the development of both absolute and parliamentary governments greatly affected Europe. The battles between France and England to have a stable government caused nut house throughout both countries. If anything, the Europeans learned many ways how not to motivate a country. Both countries and the development of differing monarchies set an example for many other countries. France created a strong absolute government as an example for rulers all over the world on how to have complete control of people. England eventually came around and with the help of the people created parliamentary government. The concept of constitutionalism was even a model for constructing the American administration. Currently the battle between power and freedom still goes on and will continue as long as there are people like Thomas Hobbes and John Locke who argue for their beliefs.

Job Negotiation

Job Negotiation Analysis Research on The Job The line of credit that I am looking for is full- cartridge holder accountant and many companies view openings for staff accountant. Though I pay back Bachelors Degree in write up and will gain Graduate Diploma, my shortage is that it is my first time to occur full-time line of sketch and I gift little go reckon. So I set my c areer level as entry level and find relative logical arguments that only contract less than 2-year civilise experience or that suck in no requirement on years of work experience. Under this situation, I put forward highlight my unique education, skills and intern-experience.According to my research on Monster. com, there are now 162 jobs matched my requirement in the latest 15days. The industries that engage accountants range from education to Energy and Utilities, from restitution to Transport and Storage. Based on the result, we notify see that accountants are greatly needed in the market. appro ximately the job, different companies have different specific requirements but generally speaking, responsibilities are almost the same, such as reconciliation of accounting subjects, preparing periodic reports and financial support accounting and financial analysis.All jobs require at least(prenominal) Bachelors Degree in Accounting. The majority companies face a range on salary and the overall salary range for the job is between 30,000-77,000 yearbookly, depending on education background and experience. Except basic salary, some companies similarly have profit share projects. Benefit packages also vary from companies and companies. Ideal angiotensin-converting enzyme covers health insurance, life insurance, disability insurance, paid time off, lodgement al paltryance, transference allowance and etc.For instance, Liberty Mutual Insurance, a Fortune 100 company, provides a comprehensive benefits plan. Based on historical statistics, first-year accountants earned a median s alary of 43,660, according to hire Wizard. The middle 50 portion of entry-level accountants earned between 39,737 and 48,257. The bottom 10 percent earned beneath 36,166, while the top 10 percent earned above 52,442. Accountants who have received a masters degree in accounting are offered 49,786 as a first-year offer. Other issues such as pickle of the job, scale of the company also decide the salary.For example, the salary of partner Accountants in Liberty Mutual Insurance is between 42,four hundred and 58,300. Other than competitive pay, the company also provides comprehensive benefits packages and outstanding advancement opportunities. Furthermore, the job location is Boston. This job is an ideal option for me. But at the same time, I also realize that I have to face reality. The economy in US is not prosperous and some companies just hire US citizens. Thus, during the negotiation, I will make some giving up and try to ground relationship with employers.PLANNING DOCUMENT FORM 1. Issues that are most eventful to me (1). Salary. Salary is of the most importance for me. I essential salary above the mediocre level and if recruiters can raise my salary, I can make grant on other issues. (2). Annual bonus. For new employees who work less than wizard year, most companies will just provide half yearly bonus, ground on the performance. For me, the biggest difference is whether I can or cannot have annual bonus. I do not care the actual percentage of annual bonus, because after one-year work, I can renegotiate roughly this issue. 3). Benefits packages (insurance, housing allowance and etc. ) Different companies have different regulation on benefit packages, but most companies will cover at least several issues, such as health insurance, retirement plans. Thus, this issue whitethorn be not significant for recruiters because the majority companies have regulation on benefits packages and the plans must cover several issues I raise. (4). Vacation time For a new employee, I do not care much about vacation time. In other aspect, paid-off vacation time increases employees salary.During the negotiation, recruiters want to decrease my vacation time and I can use this position to exchange other definitive issues. (5). fixing As an international student, I am flexible about the location of job. It is perfect if I can go to big cities, but I cannot, it is also fine. But for recruiters, the terms about jobs in different location can vary a lot. 2. My BATNA, Reservation Price and Tar liquidate Back in China, I have a entire job offer. Also, I may use up other(prenominal) job offer at a similar firm and I can choose from different offers.My qualification price is 40,000 and any job below that salary will not be accepted eve though the job has good benefits package. And my target is to get an accountant job in a well-kn protest company with about $52,000 salary per year, which covers annual bonus plan and basic benefits package. 3. My sources of power I will get my Graduate Diploma in summer. Since accountants are in great need in the market, I can have more choices and change close during interview or pre-hire. I can go to Career touch on to talk to professionals and get information and advice on this kind of job.Also, career spirit can provide historical statistics about a company, such as average salary. Moreover, alumni who work in this field also can give me valuable advice, such as the salary, bonus they get. Last, I have a good job offer in China. If there is no well-to-do offer here, I can go back. 4. Issues that are most important to recruiter (1). Salary (2). Annual bonus (3). Vacation time (4). Location (5). Benefits reporting 5. My opponents BATNA, Reservation Price, Target The recruiters can hire another candidate.For recruiters, their reservation price is giving me the highest salary and bonus they set and providing me good work location, the most days of vacation and a comprehensive benefits p ackage. For example, there is a salary range for Liberty Mutual Insurance and its reservation price is the highest , which is 58,300, at the current situation. But in fact, employers want somebody who can meet all their demand at a low or reasonable cost. 6. My opponents sources of power First, the recruiters can get information about me from the school or on Internet (such as Facebook and Twitter).The greatest power for them is that they can choose from different candidates. They know conditions move by different candidates and can make comparison. For me, I have no idea about other candidates, which is my disadvantage. 7. My opening move/first strategy My biggest weakness is that I do not have enough work experience in this field, so I want the other post to make first offer. Based on the information provided by recruiter, I can choose making concession or raising my own demand. Scoring System Issue Weight Options Option Value W*VSalary 35% $60,000 1000 350 $55,000 800 280 $52,000 600 210 $48,000 570 two hundred $43,000 500 clxxv $40,000 300 105 Annual Bonus(For the first year) 25% 5% 800 200 3% 700 175 2% 500 125 0% 0 0 Benefit Package 20% 401K 800 160 Health Insurance 800 160 Housing Insurance 600 120 Disability Insurance four hundred 80 Transportation Allowance 300 60 None 0 0 Vacation Time(For the first year) 10% 15 days 800 80 12days 700 70 10days 600 60 7days 500 50 5days 400 40 Location 5% DC,NY,Boston area 1000 50 Chicago,San Francisco,Houston 800 40 Other 400 20 The score of my target package is 1075 and my BATNA package score is 815. I will let the other side make first offer. On one hand, I can get information about the employer and escort my response. On the other hand, I can avoid being aggressive. During the negotiation, I will try to highlight my education background and inter-experience and fade my work experience.Also, it is important for me to ask question and through the answers, I can ramble whet her their preference and priorities are the same as I estimate. Moreover, I can provide multiple equivalent packages to determine the other sides preference and priorities. For me, salary and annual bonus are more important than other issues and I will not make huge concession on the two issues. I can exchange vacation time and location for the first two issues. I am not broken about benefits package because every company has its own regulation and I certainly can have several items.Being a candidate, I also have to avoid behaving aggressive because building relationship with the other companionship is important. Reference 1. http//www1. salary. com/Accounting-Salaries. html 2. http//blogs. payscale. com/salary_report_kris_cowan/2012/05/most-us-workers-dont-use-vacation-days. html 3. http//www. glassdoor. com/Salary/KPMG-Salaries-E2867. htm 4. http//www. glassdoor. com/Salaries/accountant-salary-SRCH_KO0,10. htm 5. The Average Salary of first-year Accountants eHow. com 6. http//w ww. ehow. com/info_8271661_average-salary-firstyear-accountants. htmlixzz2LBOGC4OR

Music: the Medicine of the Mind

harmony can have effects on the human drumhead that are hard to exaggerate. For instance, a mere snippet of song can prompt mavens memories so vividly. A tune can have got emotions ranging from unabashed joy to deep sorrow and can drive listeners into states of jingoistic fervour or religious frenzyto say nothing of its fabled ability to soothe the savage beast. The study of how medicine affects the mind and the interconnection between medicinal drug and the strong-arm and mental health of human beings has been a subject of interest for many.Music is known to speed the recovery of health ailments and has a calming effect on the mind. Music helps fight fretfulness and has a soothing effect on the brain. Music may affect the brain/mind by change magnitude creativity and problem solving skills tautness and retrospection and speeding up healing. Music increases creativity and problem-solving skills. Music enhances creativity, by positively impacting the right side of the br ain where most of ones creative thought is situated and triggering brain centres which deal with enhancing creativity.For example, according to the obligate Healing by Music Therapy Ragas From the online magazine Akhand Jyoti, certain ragas (A pattern of notes in Indian medicament that have characteristic intervals, rhythms, and embellishments, used as a basis for improvisation) activate the chakras of the body, thus giving the individual an added advantage in other creative tasks. Additionally, practice of medicine increases spatial and abstract reasoning skills inevitable in tackling problems, solving puzzles and decision-making.Moreover, according to Eric H. Chudler, Ph. D. , a lecturer at the majuscule University Faculty of Music, the brain responds to the Mozart Effect listening to classical medical specialty for a period of 10 minutes appears to increase your creative abilities. Therefore, listening to Mozarts music positively affects the spatial-temporal reasoning, si mply put it makes one smarter. Furthermore, music increases parsimony levels and improves memory.According to the online phrase The Brain on Music by the neurologist Dr. Ellen Weber upright music, such as Haydn and Mozart, often improves concentration and memory when played in the background. Hence, music helps increase your concentration levels a great deal. In addition, music has a calming effect on the mind, so, the calmer the mind, the easier it is to focus and concentrate. Additionally, music has been make up to increase memory levels of Alzheimers and dementia patients.The silence between two melodic notes triggers brain cells which are responsible for the development of sharp memory. Flute music, and instruments kindred the santoor and sarod are recommended for the enhancement of concentration and memory. Also, classical music improves the ability to render whats retained in the brain in the form of memory. Strong defeat cause the brain waves to resonate in synch wit h the beat, thus, leading to increased levels of concentration and increased mental alertness. Moreover, music acts as a catalyst in the healing process.According to the online article Music and the Healing Process from the Thorburn Associates Acoustic and applied science Consultants website, There is also significant research that music can be used in medicine to help manage pain, reduce anxiety Hence, music is an effective distraction from pain and suffering of the sick and injured, however, music not only diverts the mind from pain, but also helps bring astir(predicate) certain chemical changes in the brain, such as, enabling ones mind to secrete endorphins that speed up the process of healing.As a result, music therapy is recommended for patients of high blood pressure, heart diseases and even cancer, so, music may be considered as therapeutic in pain management. Therefore, listening to melodious, comforting music is sure to have a positive effect on the physical and mental we ll-being of patients. If not cure every ailment, music unimpeachably creates expect in the minds of patients a hope to recover. And when nothing else works, only hope does. To sum up, increased creativity and problem solving skills concentration and memory levels and active healing, are the effects music has on the mind/brain.Music genuinely affects the human mind a great deal. So much so, that it influences ones physical and mental state. Music aids in the speedy recovery of ailments by diverting the mind away from the pain as well as through chemical changes in the brain brought slightly by music which catalyse the healing process. In addition music calms the mind, helps fight anxiety and has a soothing effect on the brain, thus, increasing ones concentration and memory levels. Lastly, through triggering brain centres and input of the right side of the brain, music enhances an individuals creativity and problem-solving skills.

Murabaha Essay

Bai-Murabaha may be defined as a contract betwixt a Buyer and a Seller under which the Seller sells real specific goods permissible under Islamic Shariah and the Law of the fetch to the Buyer at a exist plus agreed addition payable in cash or on whatsoever hardened future date in jut stub or by instalments. The profit marked-up may be fixed in lump sum or in percentage of the equal price of the goods.In respect of dealing parties Bai-Murabaha may be of two types. 2. 01 routine Bai-Murabaha If there are only two parties, the vender and the buyer, where the seller as an ordinary principal leverages the goods from the market without depending on any order and secure to buy the similar from him and sells those to a buyer for cost plus profit, then the sale is called Ordinary Bai-Murabaha. 2. 02Bai-Murabaha on Order and PromiseIf there are three parties, the buyer, the seller and the depone as an intermediary trader between the buyer and the seller, where the margin up on receipt of order from the buyer with specification and a previous not bad(p) holler to buy the goods from the bank, purchases the ordered goods and sells those to the ordering buyer at a cost plus agreed profit, the sale is called Bai-Murabaha on Order or Promise, principally known as Murabaha.This Murabaha upon order and compact is generally used by the Islami depository financial institutions, which undertake the purchase of commodities according to the specification pass by the nodes and sale on Bai-Murabaha to the one who ordered for the goods and promised to buy those for its cost price plus a marked-up profit agreed upon antecedently by the two parties, the savings bank and the lymph node. In this Bank, Bai-Murabaha is treated as a contract between the Bank and the Client under which the Bank purchases the undertake goods as per order and specification of the Client and sells those to the ordering Client at a cost plus agreed upon profit payable deep down a fixe d future date in lump sum or by fixed instalments.Thus it is a sale of goods on profit by which ownership of the goods is transferred by the Bank to the Client besides the payment of the sale price (cost plus profit) by the Client is deferred for a fixed period. It may be noted here that, in typesetters case of Bai-Muajjal and Bai-Murabaha, Islamic Bank is a financier to the Client not in the sense that the Bank finances the purchase of goods by the Client, rather it is a financier by deferring the receipt of sale price of the goods sold by the Bank to the Client.If the Bank does not purchase the goods or does not pay off any purchase transcription with seller, but only makes payment of any goods directly purchased and received by the Client from the seller under Bai-Muajjal/Bai-Murabaha Agreement, that go forth be a remittance of the centre on behalf of the Client, which shall be nonentity but a loan to him and any profit on this amount shall be nothing but Interest (Riba).T herefore, purchase of goods by the Bank should be for and on behalf of the Bank and the payment of price of goods by the Bank moldiness be made for and on behalf of the Bank. If in any focus the payment of price of goods is turned into a payment for and on behalf of the Client or it is paid to the Client any profit on it ordain be Riba.It is permissible for the Client to offer an order to purchase by the Bank particular goods deciding its specification and committing himself to buy the identical from the Bank on Murabaha, i. . cost plus agreed upon profit. 3. 02It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the Client to purchase from the Bank, that is, he is to either satisfy the promise or to indemnify the damages caused by breaking the promise without excuse. 3. 03It is permissible to take cash/collateral security to guarantee the implementation of the promise or to indemnify the damages. 3. 04It is also permissible to document the debt resulting from Bai-Murabaha by a Gua rantor, or a mortgage, or both like any different debt.Mortgage/ Guarantee/ Cash Security may be obtained prior to the signing of the Agreement or at the time of signing the Agreement. 3. 05Stock and availability of goods is a basic condition for signing a Bai-Murabaha Agreement. Therefore, the Bank mustiness purchase the goods as per specification of the Client to acquire ownership of the same before signing the Bai-Murabaha agreement with the Client.After purchase of goods the Bank must bear the risk of goods until those are actually sold and delivered to the Client, i. e. after purchase of the goods by the Bank and before selling of those on Bai-Murabaha to the Client buyer, the Bank shall bear the consequences of any damages or defects, unless there is an agreement with the Client releasing the Bank of the defects, that means, if the goods are damaged, Bank is liable, if the goods are defective, (a defect that is not included in the release) the Bank bears the responsibility. The Bank must deliver the specify Goods to the Client on specified date and at specified model of delivery as per Contract. 3. 8The Bank shall sell the goods at a high price (Cost + Profit) to earn profit.The cost of goods sold and profit mark-up therewith shall singly and clearly be mentioned in the Bai-Murabaha Agreement. The profit mark-up may be mentioned in lump sum or in percentage of the purchase/cost price of the goods. But, under no circumstances, the percentage of the profit shall have any relation with time or expressed in relation with time, such as per month, per annum etc. 3. 09The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further increased. 3. 0It is permissible for the Bank to authorise any trinity party to buy and receive the goods on Banks behalf. The federal agency must be in a separate contract.Request dominance Client to open an Al-Wadia genuine bank bill. Let him maintain the Current Account satisfactorily for a reasonable period. (This will generally mean sixsome months). 4. 02Hold preliminary discussion with the prospective Client regarding his investiture needs and melodic line experience. 4. 03Brief him on the salient features of Bai-Murabaha Mode of Investment.Apprise, in particular, the usual terms and conditions under which the Bank makes such Investment. 4. 04Look to the past performance of the Client. Check-up Head Office Current Investment Policy and Branchs track record of Bai-Murabaha Investment of the item(s). 4. 05If the Proposal is found suitable, advise the Client to submit formal application program (F-167A -as per specimen at page 34). If not found suitable, regret politely.

Nintendo Case Study

vitrine Analysis Part 1 Introduction Case 7 of the text titled Essentials of Strategic Management looked at the video game lead up Nintendo. The title of the case is Nintendos Strategy in 2009 The Ongoing Battle with Microsoft and Sony and was write by Lou Marino and Sally Sarrett. The case begins by describing how Nintendo faced serious contestation from Sony and Microsoft in the video game commercialise. As Sony had created the Playstation and Microsoft came unwrap with the Xbox, Nintendo had taken a backseat in terms of new video game consoles.Through the years however, Nintendo had created more popular devices used for frolic such as the Nintendo 64 and numerous versions of the DS. As Nintendo prep atomic number 18d to liberation the Wii game arrangement, umpteen said that it lacked the artistic creation and user experience that their rivals had and it appe atomic number 18d as though it would be a market flop. To the surprise of many critics and competing companies , the Wii was a huge success setting records for come up sales.Currently Nintendo is seeing reduced demand and reduced sales due to the box but they continue to release new features and games and analysts say that the only limitations of the system were the limitations of the designer and the user-leading most to believer they considered the possibilities endless ( ). Nintendos Strategy In its betimes years, Nintendos dodge was to bring video game experience most usually found in public venues such as the Donkey Kong arcade game into the users home.This differentiation outline proved highly successful for Nintendo as they were the first to give the user an affordable free rein console with many different games available for the Nintendo Entertainment System or NES. This continued with the release of numerous versions of the Game Boy and Nintendo DS as users could take their games with them anywhere they went which was unheard of from rivals such as Sony and Microsoft at the time. As competition grew with Sony, Sega, and Microsoft, Nintendos strategy seemed to move towards a cost strategy. They began creating onsoles such as the GameCube to compete with dish aerial operated consoles by their competitors but at a cheaper price. This move turned out to be unsuccessful for a number of reasons, the main one creation their lack of graphic capabilities. From here Nintendo began differentiating themselves again. Nintendo set out to design a console that would revolutionize the way people played games and the Wii was born. People that had never played video games before such as women and the elderly could straightaway find games suited for them that were easy to understand and fun to play.Users could play games that got them up and moving to promote a healthier lifestyle as wellspring as interact with others. For Nintendo to be successful in the future, this differentiation strategy appears to be the best route to follow. Strategic Leadership The strategic leading surrounding the Nintendo organization appears to be ahead of their time in approximately aspects. Although they are not coming out with consoles directly aimed at competing with that of Sony and Microsoft, they are however releasing cutting edge technologies into their products.From the dual screen on the DS which allows users to sync up with others to play head to head to the Wii with a Bluetooth activated keepler, Nintendo is constantly changing the video game industry. The marketers at Nintendo dumb that too many powerful consoles cant coexist because they would eventually lead to their get collapse ( 375 ). By creating something completely new for users that rivals arent reaching, Nintendo was able to gain control of a relatively untouched market segment. Nintendo is known for its differentiation from the ordinary gaming systems and this attracts a completely different crowd than Sony and Microsoft.Stakeholders in the Nintendo accompany know this and this is what ul timately attracts them to their organization just as the stakeholders for Sony or Microsoft are attracted to the strategies of competing to be the best in terms of graphics and realistic gaming experience. If Nintendo was to change and try to compete on the same levels as Sony and Microsoft, they would more than likely lose many of their investors because this differentiation is what keeps Nintendo ranking among the top gaming companies.

Powering Indian Telecom Towers Environmental Sciences Essay

solar zero has proven to be a dep canable and economical method of bureauing telecommunicationmunication formations in topographic points where achieveed electricity is un visible(prenominal) or impractical. It provides an first-class beginning of clean, dependable situation to maintain un-interrupted forefinger supply to telecom rears. This paper contains a shortened description of Indian telecom mainstays and photovoltaic ( PV ) mobile ph onenesss apply in telecommunication administrations. Because solar strength systems argon lively and constitute effectual, the demand for solar federal agency in telecommunications will go on to turn.Key Words-insolation, irradiance, photovoltaic, solar cell, solar energyIntroductionIndia is now in the 2nd largest of the Global telecom food markets and is communicate to get the better of mainland China. Our state presently has somewhat 400,000 telecom reigns well-nigh the land and poised to increase to 450,000 hulks oer the hobby 2 emeritus(a) ages ( 2 ) . A big part of these towers is non connected to the electricity storage-battery grid or does non hold entree to dependable electricity connoting they father to send in backup federal agency systems in order to actuate with expose breaks. diesel engine motor Generators have been the pick of telecom operators despite their high C imprint. telecommunication Towers be estimation to fire 2 Billion Liters of diesel ( rough 500 zillion barrels ) yearly at a cost of 10000 crores. On an norm, about 260,000 is being spent yearly to exile through the Diesel demands of a individual telecom tower. These high stimulus cost be postures result in high pollution. While the authorities has been seeking to change over these towers to re parvenueable energy mannikins, just about of the tower operators have been really slow to implement this alteration. The renewable energy ministry had asked telecom companies to cut raven their dependence on con ventional displaces and see options for partly world powering telecom towers. While some tower Godheads are looking at tight natural gas and piped natural gas to power towers, Indus Towers, the largest with over 1 lakh towers in India, planned to cat up 2,500 solar towers by terminal of this twelvemonth. Viom Networks, which operates oft than 38,000 towers across India, plans to run more than one-quarter of this haoma on alternate energy within the following two old ages. It plans to run 2,000 towers on solar power completely by 2013. For the GSM Technology, it requires an norm of 6 BTS to run one tower. Each shelter has two ( 1.5 long ton ) air conditioners for the cardinal care of the temperature for the shelter s electronic systems. The DG set is truely 15 kVA capacity, which consumes an norm of 3 liters of Diesel per hr 4 .Each tower requires energy from 1000 W to 3000 W ( older installing consumes more power as comparison to new one because of expert promotion ) . E ach 1000 W consequences in the 22 tonnes/hr of advance of CO2 if running on the commonwealth electricity and in instance of the gensets this figure is many times more. assuming mean power ingestion of each tower is 1200 W so entire CO2 emanation is 105.6 lakh metric ton per hr by all these towers if we assume that all are running on province electricity. In India about 70 % telecom towers are in artless countries. Soon 40 % power demands are met by grid electricity and 60 % by Diesel generators 2 . The Diesel generators are of 10-15 KVA capacity and devour about 3 litres of Diesel per hr and figure out forth 2.63 kilogram of CO2 per litre. For every kWh of grid electricity consumed, 0.84 Kg of CO2 is emitted. Entire CO2 emanation is some 5 one k thousand tones of CO2 due to diesel ingestion and around 8 million dozenss due to power grid per annum. The move from Diesel to solar and otherwise alternate beginnings of energy will ensue in a devolve of 5 million dozenss of CO2 emanations every bit good as a nest eggs of immense sum in operational disbursals for telecom tower companies. Move to renewable energy beginnings can exact forth 1000000s of C credits that could countervail the opex on their towers. Therefore by replacing diesel generators with solar panels in cell forebode towers, more than 5 million dozenss of C emanations could be prevented from come ining the ambiance and cut down the opex of telecom towers. India has slightly 500 million winding phone endorsers, more than even the population of any state except China India is expected to hold one trillion mobile phone endorsers by 2015 which would intend about 250,000 more erratic towers which, in bend, would duplicate the C emanations. Even if the solar panels supply a atom of the entire power required, it would still salvage significant sums of money, fuel and C emanations.Electricity Generation through Solar CellsIn India the one-year solar radiation is about 5 kWh/ sq thousand per twenty-four time of days with about 1500-2000 sun-shine hours per twelvemonth. Solar radiations represent the Earth s virtually abundant energy beginning. The perennial beginning of solar energy provides innumerable supply, has no negative impact on the environment. The solar photovoltaic ( PV ) modules switch over solar radiation from the sunniness into electrical energy in the signifier of call for current ( DC ) . Converting solar energy into electricity is the say to the mounting power jobs in telecom towers peculiarly in the rude countries. PV or solar cells are semiconductor devices that convert sunlight into direct current electricity ( fig.1 ) . When light pho scads of sufficient energy work stop consonant a solar cell, they knock negatrons free in the silicon crystallizing construction, coercing them through an external circuit and so returning them to the other side of the solar cell to get down the procedure all over once more.Fig. 1. ( a ) photovoltaic conseq uence ( B ) how a PV cell plants ( degree Celsius ) a crystalline Si panelThe electromotive force end product from a individual crystalline solar cell is about 0.5 V with an amperage end product that is straight relative to the cell s surface country ( about 7 amperes for a 6-inch-square multi crystalline solar cell ) . Typically, 30 to 36 cells are wired in series ( + to ) in each solar faculty. This produces a solar faculty with a 12-volt nominal end product ( 17 Vs at peak power ) that can so be wired in series and/or parallel with other solar faculties to organize a complete solar array. Solar cells used in telecom towers are shown in Fig 2. Solar cell is cosmopolitan and will work virtually anywhere nevertheless, some locations are evidently more suited than others. Irradiance is a mistreat of the Sun s power available at the Earth s surface, with power peaking at about 1,000 Wattss per square metre ( W/m2 ) . With typical crystalline solar cell efficiencies about 14 to 16 per centum, approximately 140 to 160 Wattss can be generated per square metre of solar cells placed in full Sun. Insolation, which is a step of the available energy from the Sun, is expressed in footings of full Sun hours ( i.e. , 4 full Sun hours = 4 hours of sunshine at an irradiance degree of 1,000 W/m2 ) 1 .Fig.2 Solar cells used in telecom tower for United Nations interrupted power supply.Tele DensityTelephone introduced in India in 1882. The entire figure of telephones in the state stands at 885.99 million, while the overall tele-density has increased to 73.97 % and the entire Numberss of nomadic phone endorsers have reached 851.70 million as of June 2011. Himachal Pradesh has become the first province in India to accomplish 100 per cent tele-density. The province has about sevensome million nomadic clients 5 . The province population is 6.8 million as per the Census 2011 much lower than the nomadic subscriber population of seven million. While the urban tele denseness reached 150.67 per cent, the rural tele denseness reached 32.11per cent. Experts have pointed out that the grounds for this quick growing are lowest call rates, big market pocketbook due to bigger population, well ample untapped market and robust economic growing of the state. In add-on factors like rapid technological acceptance, better inspection and repair criterions, advanced merchandise offerings and competitory pricing amongst the service suppliers has similarly tind in a major manner to increase the tele-density of the state.Energy care in telecom TowersA Telecom tower enables telecom operators to supply meshing connexion to mobile users.Fig. 3 Standard Telecom SystemTelecom being an indispensable service requires the web to be ever available. In order to accomplish this, the tower substructure that has 2 operators uses 6-8 kilowatt ( avg. ) of electricity per hr ( Fig.3 ) . Energy demands of a telecom tower in India are presently met throughElectricity MainsDiesel G enerator andUPS / Battery RacksDiesel inlet in Telecom Towers and Environmental PollutionThe telecom operator spends 3 billion ( USD 67.42 million ) every month towards running Diesel generators in out-of-town locations where grid base power is limited. This translates to an operational energy disbursal of around 65 billion yearly to run web towers, particularly in off-grid locations ( 4 ) . Since, Electricity supply is fickle and is non available through out the twenty-four hours in many separate, Diesel Generators ( DG ) are used to power the telecom web, as a dorsum up for power supply.DG s are operational for 15-20 hours ( avg. ) in rural countries and 3- 7 hours in urban countries ( postpone 1 ) seting a emphasis on the environment by manner of C emanations and noise pollution sensation liter of Diesel emits 2.63 kilogram of CO2 emanations.Hence telecom webs contribute to carbon emanations and rambling heating.Table 1 bureau Availability at Tower SitesGrid Power Availabili ty Cell Sites10 % &038 gt 20 hour primarily metro metropoliss of Mumbai, Kolkota,Chennai, some metropoliss of Gujarat, State ofChattisgarh, some metropoliss of Punjab20 % 16-20 hour Covers most other major metropoliss and towns in theremainder of the state30 % 12-16 hour All semi-urban and little urban towns in allprovinces25 % 8-12 hour Mostly rural countries15 % &038 lt 8 hour Mostly parts of Bihar and some towns ofAssam, NE provinces, UP and J &038 A KThe Power ProblemA speedy analysis of telecom web runing costs indicates power and fuel are the primary in operation(p) costs, consisting over 30 % of entire operating cost. This is because grid power ( Electricity Board or EB power ) is extremely undependable and in a batch of instances, non available in rural countries. BTS sites require changeless and uninterrupted power for the estimable operation of the web. As a consequence, BTS sites have hired onsite Diesel generators to every supply backup or primary power in the absence seizure of EB power. Uninterrupted operation is achieved through a battery bank. The typical constellation of DG sets is 10-15 KVA with a fuel burn rate of 2-3 liters per hr ( depending on full or half load operations ) . Assuming seven hours of DG operations in urban countries and 20 hours in rural countries, estimated use of Diesel fuel is 2-4 billion liters per twelvemonth across the 400,000 towers in India. Fuel demand is increasing with each new tower. India, with its first-class irradiance, has the obtain to work Photovoltaic ( PV ) solar power to run into this challenge of onsite power coevals. Coupled with a battery backup, PV systems are a feasible and elicit option to cut down the power cost and entire operating outgo ( OPEX ) , thereby supplying a sustainable and dependable strategic solution to the fuel job. The operating cost of Diesel and solar PV system is shown in Table-2 which shows that solar PV system is economical ( 14.08/kWh ) than Diesel DG sets ( 1 6.19/kWh ) and besides eco friendly and can market their C recognition to cut down farther the opex of the telecom tower.Table 2. Comparative analysis of solar PV and diesel generators ( DG ) uses in telecom tower.Strictly DG setsStrictly PV systemAnnual ingestion of 15 kVA DG sets 3 litres/h, liters26280Assumed capacity, Wp150004 % shut down period i.e.for 96 % operation, liters25229Annual sunshine hours1650kWh produce 3.5 kWh/litre88301.510 twelvemonth output, kWp247500Diesel cost 42/litre,1059618Capital investing 200/Wp,30,00,000Cost of railroad car etc,300000Operating cost, ( including depreciation, involvement, care ) , /10 old ages49,80,000Operating cost ( including depreciation, involvement, admit/rent, care ) , /year1429918Operating cost/kWh,16.19Operating cost/kWh,20.12 later on 30 % subsidy14.08Telecommunication Companies and Their RoleECIndia has the fastest turning telecom web in the universe with its high population and development potency. India s public sector te lecom phoner BSNL ( 11.41 % ) is the seventh largest telecom company in universe. The entry of new participants into the telecom industry has made challenger intense, in peculiar over the last four old ages. The controlling participants in the market presently include Bharti-Airtel ( 20.09 per cent of the Indian market ) , Reliance Communications ( 16.70 % ) , Vodafone ( 16.54 % ) , Tata Tele Services ( 11.08 % ) , Idea ( 10.97 % ) and Aircel ( 6.76 % ) ( Table 3 ) .Table 3. Share of telecom companies in Indian market and stairss taken to utilize renewablesCompaniesMarket portion, %Stairss taken for usage renewable energy in teletowersBharati Airtel20.09Targeted for solarizing 2000 towers by 2010-11. No latest information on accomplishment.Reliance Communication16.70Stairss taken to utilize renewable to cut down opex by 50-60 %Vodafone16.5423 % of its planetary operation by renewablesBSNL11.41Taken pilot childbeds under Jawharlal Nehru Solar representation for solarizing tower s.Tata Teleservices Ltd11.08Deployed 31 cell sites powered by solar power and fuel cells.Idea Cellular10.97Solar-DG loanblend in some nomadic towersAircel6.76No information availableStel0.34Cringle0.39Eti Salat0.08HFCL0.18Uninor2.73Videcon0.83MTNL0.69Siestema1.21Beginning Telephone restrictive Authority of India ( as on 28th Feb, 2011 )As per the directives of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, some companies have taken inaugural stairss to utilize renewable energy beginnings to power their telecom towers. Some major areBharti Infratel has set a mark of deploying 2000 renewable energy sites by the fiscal twelvemonth 2010-11. The undertaking is besides expected to ensue in an estimated decrease of 58,170 metric tons of CO2 emanations per twelvemonth.BSNL has taken up pilot undertakings for 10 kilowatts solar workss at 14 sites and Wind power undertaking at 6 USO funded sites in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra.Indus Towers, the largest with over 1 lakh to wers in India, will put up 2,500 solar towers by September this twelvemonth.Viom Networks, which operates more than 38,000 towers across India, plans to run more than one-quarter of this figure on alternate energy within the following two old ages. It plans to run 2,000 towers on solar power entirely by 2013.There are around 5,60,276 Base Transceiver Stations ( BTS ) in the state. It may be noted that BTS is different from towers as one tower may hold more than one BTS. In India the tower companies portion the tower sites with all telecom operators. While the tower is erected by the tower substructure companies, the BTS is installed by the telecom operators. A nomadic tower is an joyous where electronic communications equipment are placed on a radio mast or tower to make a cell in a cellular web. A nomadic tower is composed of a tower or other elevated construction for mounting aerial and one or more sets of transmitter/receivers transceivers, digital signal processors, control el ectronics, a GPS receiving system, regular and backup electrical power beginnings, and sheltering. Circle wise abatement up of BTS is given below 3 .MetroDelhiA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 20,715MumbaiA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 21,038KolkottaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 14,018TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 55,771A CirclesMaharashtraA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 42,998GujaratA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 31,852Andhra PradeshA A A A A A A A A A A 43,661KarnatakaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 39,093Tamil NaduA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 52,075TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 2,09,679Fig 4. A roof top Mobile tower in Bhubaneswar utilizing intercrossed grid-DGB CirclesKeralaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 27.156 Fig.3 A BTS systemPunjabA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 19,575HaryanaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 13,883UPA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 68,487RajasthanA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 28,694Madhya PradeshA A A A A A A A A A A 31,665West BengalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 24,532TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 2,13,992C CirclesHimachal PradeshA A A A A A A A A 5,425BiharA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 35,086OrissaA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 18,095AssamA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 9,610North EastA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 5,490Jammu &038 A KashmirA A A A A A A A 7,128TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 80,834Grand TotalA A A A A A A A A A A A A A 560,276DecisionTo cut down CO2 emanation and planetary heating due to telecom towers, Govt. should do it compulsory to telecom companies to utilize renewable energy.Govt. should halt subsidy on Diesel for telecom companies.More inducements should be given to those who use renewable energy for their towers.